PREFACE
A few months ago, I was
going to field study of freshwater environment. It was very good experience,
freshwater ecology gave me information about water quality and organisms that
live in the streams and rivers. It’s very useful class; this class is handling
by Mr. Guthmiller, and I like this class.
Table of Contents
Preface……………………………………………………………………………………1
Table of
Contents…………………………………………………………………………2
Little Cedar
River…………………………………………………………………………3
·
Introduction……………………………………………………………………….4
·
Explanation……………………………………………………………………….5
List of
Organisms…………………………………………………………………………7
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………..14
Little
Cedar River
Freshwater ecology was
my first experience in the study of water quality. I learned the factors which
influence a good freshwater ecosystem. Air temperature, water temperature,
dissolve oxygen, Ph., and nitrates are all factors which determine the quality
of a freshwater ecosystem. After studying the important of these factors of
freshwater ecosystem, then we went to two sites Wolterman and Anderson. Where
we collected water samples preformed the various test, and recorded them. This
field study took place over a three months period from September 15th to
November 17th. The tests were performing by two separate ecology
classes, and each of them made 17 tests and totaling 34 tests.
Freshwater is a very important thing in this world; here we
studied the effect
of water quality to
a lot of sense or
absence of water. In my
experience the water in my country (Indonesia) has
been much affected by water pollution, the population of
Indonesia is 237.6 million people making it the third most
populous country in the world. That’s 237.6 million people living in 735,358
sq. miles a little bit larger than State of Alaska (664,988 sq. miles) with a
population 710,231 people. This raises many problems in the
water, because many of them do not have any awareness of the
importance of freshwater and
water for life,
they throw trash
in the rivers, and
this is how the water has been polluted. Not
like as in America, in Indonesia we have to
boil the water before you drink, because of what? Because,
water has been polluted, and it’s a big problem in
the world, if all countries have the same thing with the polluted water.
Therefore, the presence of learning freshwater, we can understand how to
treat the water to
stay awake, and provide insight and education to
everyone to always care about the
water, because this becomes a major factor
supporting life.
In this class I learned about freshwater ecology, why is it important to
study freshwater ecology? Because, all life needs water, from the smallest to
the human organism all need water to support life. We have had a lot of water
that is not healthy. Therefore it is our duty to continue to preserve and
maintain the water from pollution. By studying freshwater I understand that the
water has a size or to reach unhealthy levels. Such as; oxygen levels, levels
of air, the levels of nitrates, and pH levels. All of them have a big impact in
supporting the existence of healthy water.
Wolterman and Anderson
sites are located in the Upper Mississippi river basin, and the Little Cedar
River watershed. The bottom silt at both sites was easily disturbing and
quickly changing the turbidity of the stream, producing cloudy water and
unpleasant smell. Not a stream that I would like to go swimming in. Both
samples sites are not in the best example of a healthy freshwater ecosystem, as
evident by;
·
Air
temperature
As expected in southeast Minnesota,
the air temperature decline from a high of 27.1 degrees C on 3rd
October 2011 to a low of 0.3 degrees C on 17th November 2011. Air
temperature is determining our climate; determine what kind of living organism
can survive here.
·
Water
Temperature
The water temperature ranged from a
high of 16.7 degrees C on 10th October 2011 to a low of 0.7 degrees
C on 17th November 2011.
A temperature variation of 16.7 degrees C over a three
months’ time period is to extreme for most animal’s life.
·
Dissolved
Oxygen
As expected the dissolved oxygen
was at the highest when the water temperature was lowest. Range from a high of
13.4 ppm. on 14th November 2011 to a low of 5.5 ppm. on 13th
October 2011. The average dissolve oxygen for the three months period was 8.5
ppm. which is good, but the periods of low dissolved oxygen stressed the
animal’s present stream. Dissolve oxygen of 9.0 ppm. is considered to be a good
freshwater quality.
·
Nitrates
The relatively low level of
dissolved nitrates in the stream (average 2.7 ppm.) would indicate a rather
healthy stream. However during the sampling period there was very little rain
and therefore almost 0 run off from the farm field. The extensive use of
nitrogen fertilizer in the agricultural industry and the development of large
confinement life stock operation are contributing large amounts of nitrates to
the service water runoff. Nitrates level tends to be high in ponds and lakes,
and tend to increase the rate of eutrophication. At the Anderson site cows were
aloud free access to the stream, which contribute to stream bank erosion and
the animals fecal material contribute to the nitrate level in the stream. (“No
fun to step in on the field trip”).
·
pH
pH is a measure of acidity and
alkalinity of a liquid. Most life forms prefer a neutral pH of 7.0, but pH
range between 6.0 to 9.0 is acceptable for living organism. The average pH of
6.0 at two sites (Anderson and Wolterman) would indicate a minimally acid
ecosystem, and this is perfectly acceptable for life freshwater ecosystem.
Limiting pH values;
|
Minimum
|
Maximum
|
Effects
|
|
3.8
|
10.0
|
Fish eggs could be hatched, but deformed young are often
produced
|
|
4.0
|
10.1
|
Limits for the most resistant fish species
|
|
4.1
|
9.5
|
Range tolerated by trout
|
|
---
|
4.3
|
Carp die in five days
|
|
4.5
|
9.0
|
Trout eggs and larvae develop normally
|
|
4.6
|
9.5
|
Limits for perch
|
|
---
|
5.0
|
Limits for stickleback fish
|
|
5.0
|
9.0
|
Tolerable range for most fish
|
|
---
|
8.7
|
Upper limit for good fishing waters
|
|
5.4
|
11.4
|
Fish avoid waters beyond these limits
|
|
6.0
|
7.2
|
Optimum (best) range for fish eggs
|
|
---
|
1.0
|
Mosquito larvae are destroyed at this pH value
|
|
3.3
|
4.7
|
Mosquito larvae live within this range
|
|
7.5
|
8.4
|
Best range for the growth of algae
|
·
Biodiversity
Biodiversity is the number of
different kind of organism in and ecosystem. Ecosystems with the high biodiversity are more stable and
more successful ecosystem. In the Anderson and Wolterman streams ecosystem
study, we found 28 living organism. This is a very low number compared to 100
species in 5 acres of Southeast Minnesota prairie. It shows that Anderson and
Wolterman streams are not good example for a healthy biodiversity.
·
Polluted Water and Unpolluted
Water
From all factors that found in the study streams, both of
Anderson and Wolterman site are good streams. In my experience about freshwater
ecology I found so many kind of streams and rivers in Indonesia that polluted.
But, there’re also still a lot of good streams that have unpolluted water. This
study will remind me to keep my environment healthy and unpolluted.
Polluted
Water Unpolluted Water
List
of Organisms
·
Southern
Redbelly Dace (Chrosomus erythrogaster), is a North
American species of temperate freshwater fishes of the family: Cyprinidae. Natural geographic range
extends Minnesota, this fish prefers flowing river from creeks and rivers. Southern
redbelly dace reach a maximum length of about 9 centimeters (3.5 in), their
main food is the algal filaments and diatoms, they may be eaten by yellow perch
and brook trout in some environments.
Southern
Redbelly Dace (Chrosomus erythrogaster), is a North
American species of temperate freshwater fishes of the family: Cyprinidae. Natural geographic range
extends Minnesota, this fish prefers flowing river from creeks and rivers. Southern
redbelly dace reach a maximum length of about 9 centimeters (3.5 in), their
main food is the algal filaments and diatoms, they may be eaten by yellow perch
and brook trout in some environments.
·
Crayfish (Orconectes
rusticus) Type and Origin: Crayfish are crustaceans that grow to 5 inches
long. They are native Ohio River basin. Carapace they usually have a pair of
rust-colored spots and paws often have a black ribbon on the end. They can harm
native fish communities by feeding on the eggs and young. They can infest
lakes, rivers, streams and wetlands. They eat algae and species that are
smaller than them.
Crayfish (Orconectes
rusticus) Type and Origin: Crayfish are crustaceans that grow to 5 inches
long. They are native Ohio River basin. Carapace they usually have a pair of
rust-colored spots and paws often have a black ribbon on the end. They can harm
native fish communities by feeding on the eggs and young. They can infest
lakes, rivers, streams and wetlands. They eat algae and species that are
smaller than them.
·
Chub
Creek (Semotilus), which consists of a Greek
word which means, "banner" and "spotted" refers to the
dorsal fin with black dots, atromaculatus
means "black spot" in Latin, referring to the black spots at the base
of the dorsal fin, they smaller to medium size streams and rivers, as opposed
to large rivers and lakes, live in the creek, they tolerant of turbid (cloudy)
water but it certainly supports the vague cloudy waters on the basis of hard
(gravel, sand, or debris ) than the fine (silt and mud). They are very good at
the back of the beaver dam, As they grow, they add more variations of larval
aquatic insects, terrestrial (land) insects, and finally a small fish, larval
chubs Creek main items for predators, such as walleyes, brown trout, northern
pike, largemouth bass, and smallmouth bass.
Chub
Creek (Semotilus), which consists of a Greek
word which means, "banner" and "spotted" refers to the
dorsal fin with black dots, atromaculatus
means "black spot" in Latin, referring to the black spots at the base
of the dorsal fin, they smaller to medium size streams and rivers, as opposed
to large rivers and lakes, live in the creek, they tolerant of turbid (cloudy)
water but it certainly supports the vague cloudy waters on the basis of hard
(gravel, sand, or debris ) than the fine (silt and mud). They are very good at
the back of the beaver dam, As they grow, they add more variations of larval
aquatic insects, terrestrial (land) insects, and finally a small fish, larval
chubs Creek main items for predators, such as walleyes, brown trout, northern
pike, largemouth bass, and smallmouth bass.
·
The
Brook Stickleback (Culaea inconstans) is a small freshwater
fish that are distributed across the U.S. and Canada. Grow to a length of about
2 inches, this small fish inhabits clear, cold rivers and lakes, They eat small
invertebrates, algae, insect larvae, and sometimes their own eggs, they’re eaten
by many other fish species. These include river trout, smallmouth and
largemouth bass, northern pike, yellow perch, walleyes, and bowfins.
The
Brook Stickleback (Culaea inconstans) is a small freshwater
fish that are distributed across the U.S. and Canada. Grow to a length of about
2 inches, this small fish inhabits clear, cold rivers and lakes, They eat small
invertebrates, algae, insect larvae, and sometimes their own eggs, they’re eaten
by many other fish species. These include river trout, smallmouth and
largemouth bass, northern pike, yellow perch, walleyes, and bowfins.
·
The Green Sunfish (Lepomis
cyanellus) is a species of freshwater fish in the sunfish family Centrarchidae of order Perciformes. They inhabit lakes and
rivers of all sizes, but would prefer calm shallow water, lakes and small
rivers skinny. Green sunfish do not grow very big in Minnesota. Rarely exceed
130 mm (about 5 inches). In southern states 
they generally reach 200 mm (approximately 8 inches) and
weighs 0.2 to 0.3 kg (0.5 to 0.75 lbs.). Minnesota state record for this fish
is 0.54 kg (1 pound 3 ounces). Green larvae eat copepods and water fleas
(zooplankton). Later in the year they began to enter the water (water) insect
larvae and small snails. Green sunfish certainly eaten by a variety of
piscivorous (fish-eating) species that live in the same habitat as they do.
they generally reach 200 mm (approximately 8 inches) and
weighs 0.2 to 0.3 kg (0.5 to 0.75 lbs.). Minnesota state record for this fish
is 0.54 kg (1 pound 3 ounces). Green larvae eat copepods and water fleas
(zooplankton). Later in the year they began to enter the water (water) insect
larvae and small snails. Green sunfish certainly eaten by a variety of
piscivorous (fish-eating) species that live in the same habitat as they do.
·
Eastern Elliptio (Elliptio
complanata), The eastern elliptio found in almost all large ponds, lakes,
rivers, where it is almost always the most abundant species of shellfish. It
can be found in all types of substrates. The size is up to five inches. It's
very varied, but most often subtrapezoidal or subovate. The valves are heavy, strong,
and laterally compressed. Periostracum: Color tan (teenagers) to dark brown or
black (adults). Rays shell may or may not be present. Lateral Teeth: Present.
Two on the left and one valve on the right valve. Pseudocardinal Teeth:
Present. Two on the left and one valve on the right valve. Nacre: Color usually
white, rose-colored, or purple, and often discolored.
·
Caddis
Fly Larvae (Itascae Chilostigma), they are about
20mm long. Caddis fly species can only be identified by examining the process
of their abdomen under the microscope. Adult upstream chilostigman caddis fly
is 8-10 mm (0.31 to 0.39 in). The location where the upstream chilostigman
caddis fly first discovered was a small, winding, muddy-bottomed river flows
through a spring meadow wet with some seeping. Groups: insects, Class: Insecta, Order: Trichoptera, Family: Limnephilidae,
Habitat: Wet Meadow / Carr, little river and streams.
Caddis
Fly Larvae (Itascae Chilostigma), they are about
20mm long. Caddis fly species can only be identified by examining the process
of their abdomen under the microscope. Adult upstream chilostigman caddis fly
is 8-10 mm (0.31 to 0.39 in). The location where the upstream chilostigman
caddis fly first discovered was a small, winding, muddy-bottomed river flows
through a spring meadow wet with some seeping. Groups: insects, Class: Insecta, Order: Trichoptera, Family: Limnephilidae,
Habitat: Wet Meadow / Carr, little river and streams.
·
Giant Waterbug (Lethocerus
americanus), a full 2-inches
long and about 1-inch wide. It was common in ponds and lakes, and less common
in the river. Tends to hang out in the vegetation on the outskirts of lakes and
wetlands. They feed by capturing organisms with large, powerful, front legs,
followed by injecting their prey with venom to immobilize and / or kill him.
Then they suck the juice out of whatever it is. They are not scavengers - they
like fresh meat. Class: Insecta,
Order: Hemiptera, Family: Belostomatidae, Genus: Lethocerus, Species: Americanus.
Giant Waterbug (Lethocerus
americanus), a full 2-inches
long and about 1-inch wide. It was common in ponds and lakes, and less common
in the river. Tends to hang out in the vegetation on the outskirts of lakes and
wetlands. They feed by capturing organisms with large, powerful, front legs,
followed by injecting their prey with venom to immobilize and / or kill him.
Then they suck the juice out of whatever it is. They are not scavengers - they
like fresh meat. Class: Insecta,
Order: Hemiptera, Family: Belostomatidae, Genus: Lethocerus, Species: Americanus.
·
Grass Spider (Agelenopsis spp.), Another name
is a channel of spiders, the Kingdom: Animalia,
Phylym: Arthropoda, Class: arachnids,
Order: Araneae, Family: Agelenidae, Genus: Agelenopsis,
Species:. Spp, general outdoors and
are sometimes found in the room. They are generally brownish or grayish with
streaks of light and dark near the head. They have a long spinners and
medium-sized (3 / 4 inches long). The spider building a web of grass large
sheets with a funnel they use as a retreat. These webs are usually built on the
ground, around steps, window wells, foundations, and low bushes.
·
Great Blue Heron, the largest of the 12 North American species of herons,
great blue heron stands nearly 4 feet. Men and women of great blue herons show
off to each other during courtship. Although great blue herons sometimes eat
walleyes, northern, and other game fish, they feed mostly on small nongame
fish, aquatic insects, shrimp, frogs and small mammals such as mice.
Great Blue Heron, the largest of the 12 North American species of herons,
great blue heron stands nearly 4 feet. Men and women of great blue herons show
off to each other during courtship. Although great blue herons sometimes eat
walleyes, northern, and other game fish, they feed mostly on small nongame
fish, aquatic insects, shrimp, frogs and small mammals such as mice.
·
Nymph Fly is the adult form of some invertebrates, especially
insects, which undergoes a gradual metamorphosis (hemimetabolism) before
reaching the adult stage. Unlike typical larvae, nymphs overall form already
resembles the adult. In addition, while a nymph moults never enters the pupa
stage. Instead, the final results in adult insects moult.
Nymph Fly is the adult form of some invertebrates, especially
insects, which undergoes a gradual metamorphosis (hemimetabolism) before
reaching the adult stage. Unlike typical larvae, nymphs overall form already
resembles the adult. In addition, while a nymph moults never enters the pupa
stage. Instead, the final results in adult insects moult.
·
Big Mouth Shiner (Nortropis Dorsalis),
the Kingdom; Animalia, Phylum; Chordata, animals with spinal chord,
Subphylum vertebrates, animals with backbones, Superclass Osteichthyes, bony fish, Fish Class, stingrays and spiny rays, Neopterygii Subclass, Order Cypriniformes Infraclass Teleostei, Ostariophysi Superorder,, minnows and
suckers, Family Cyprinidae, carps and
small fish, Genus Notropis, the
eastern shiners, their lives are usually the basic flow of sand, they eat
insects consume underwater feeders, detritus, and plant material.
Big Mouth Shiner (Nortropis Dorsalis),
the Kingdom; Animalia, Phylum; Chordata, animals with spinal chord,
Subphylum vertebrates, animals with backbones, Superclass Osteichthyes, bony fish, Fish Class, stingrays and spiny rays, Neopterygii Subclass, Order Cypriniformes Infraclass Teleostei, Ostariophysi Superorder,, minnows and
suckers, Family Cyprinidae, carps and
small fish, Genus Notropis, the
eastern shiners, their lives are usually the basic flow of sand, they eat
insects consume underwater feeders, detritus, and plant material.
·
Snapping Turtle (Chelydra Serpentine),
Group: Reptiles, Class: Chelonia, Order: Cryptodeira, Family: Chelydridae,
They reached their peak abundance is habitat for slower water with mud bottom
and lots of vegetation water. Turtle common fracture is dull-colored and often
will be covered by mud and algae, flat straight line measurement from the upper
shell (carapace) in Minnesota is 8 to 14 inches, and average adult weight of
between 10 to 35 pounds. Common fracture turtles eat both plants and animals, and
will also eat dead animals.
Snapping Turtle (Chelydra Serpentine),
Group: Reptiles, Class: Chelonia, Order: Cryptodeira, Family: Chelydridae,
They reached their peak abundance is habitat for slower water with mud bottom
and lots of vegetation water. Turtle common fracture is dull-colored and often
will be covered by mud and algae, flat straight line measurement from the upper
shell (carapace) in Minnesota is 8 to 14 inches, and average adult weight of
between 10 to 35 pounds. Common fracture turtles eat both plants and animals, and
will also eat dead animals.
·
Water Strider (Aquarius Antigone)
or (Kirkaldy), a creature that
seems interesting to glide over the surface of the water. Classification, Order:
Hemiptera, Infraorder: Gerromorpha, Family: Gerridae, water striders occur in large
groups to small on the surface of still water (ponds, lakes) and near the edge
of the water that flows quietly (rivers, streams).
Water Strider (Aquarius Antigone)
or (Kirkaldy), a creature that
seems interesting to glide over the surface of the water. Classification, Order:
Hemiptera, Infraorder: Gerromorpha, Family: Gerridae, water striders occur in large
groups to small on the surface of still water (ponds, lakes) and near the edge
of the water that flows quietly (rivers, streams).
·
Johnny Darter (Etheostoma nigrum), common
darter in the state. He lived in most of our lakes, rivers, and streams of the
Boundary Waters to the south pasture. A large male can reach 65 mm (2.5 in) and
a little more than 2 g (0.07 oz.). Women rarely get larger than about 60 mm
(2.3 in) and 1.6 g (0.05 oz.). oung Johnny darters eat mostly small copepods
and water fleas. The Johnny darters are eaten by many fish predators that share
their habitat.
·
Mayfly Larvae (Ephemerida or
Ephemeroptera), found near water, has a long tail and large appendages,
wings transparent; larvae is water. Mayfly larvae eat the algae, fungi and
decaying plant material. Mayflies are very important in aquatic food web. As a
fairy they are fed upon by other invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, fish,
birds and mammals.
Mayfly Larvae (Ephemerida or
Ephemeroptera), found near water, has a long tail and large appendages,
wings transparent; larvae is water. Mayfly larvae eat the algae, fungi and
decaying plant material. Mayflies are very important in aquatic food web. As a
fairy they are fed upon by other invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, fish,
birds and mammals.
·
Belted Kingfisher (Ceryle Alcyon)
(formerly Megaceryle Alcyon), is a
member of the family: Alcedinidae
sized pigeons are found throughout most of the United States and Canada. Both
male and female blue-gray on the back and head with a white collar around the
neck and white hamster. Belted kingfisher will use a variety of freshwater and
coastal habitats, prey that are provided are available, including ponds, lakes,
rivers, streams, reservoirs, large vernal ponds, estuaries, and harbors. Belted
kingfishers eat mainly fish, but they also take molluscs, crustaceans, insects,
amphibians, reptiles, young birds, small mammals, and some fruit.
Belted Kingfisher (Ceryle Alcyon)
(formerly Megaceryle Alcyon), is a
member of the family: Alcedinidae
sized pigeons are found throughout most of the United States and Canada. Both
male and female blue-gray on the back and head with a white collar around the
neck and white hamster. Belted kingfisher will use a variety of freshwater and
coastal habitats, prey that are provided are available, including ponds, lakes,
rivers, streams, reservoirs, large vernal ponds, estuaries, and harbors. Belted
kingfishers eat mainly fish, but they also take molluscs, crustaceans, insects,
amphibians, reptiles, young birds, small mammals, and some fruit.
·
Caterpillar Woolybear (Pyrrharctia
Isabella), an adult is Isabella Tiger Moth and the larvae are called Banded
Woolly Bear. Larvae of many species of moths Arctiid called "hairy
bear". Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum:
Arthropoda, Class: Insecta, Order: Lepidoptera Family: Arctiidae,
Genus: Pyrrharctia, Species: P.
Isabella.
Caterpillar Woolybear (Pyrrharctia
Isabella), an adult is Isabella Tiger Moth and the larvae are called Banded
Woolly Bear. Larvae of many species of moths Arctiid called "hairy
bear". Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum:
Arthropoda, Class: Insecta, Order: Lepidoptera Family: Arctiidae,
Genus: Pyrrharctia, Species: P.
Isabella.
·
Northern Leopard Frog (Rana pipiens), the leopard frog is
called that because he saw, like a leopard. Typically, 2 to 3.5 inches. Brown
or green color with two or three rows of dark spots irregularly spaced. The
spots are round and have a light border. Sounds long, snoring takes place in a
few seconds and ended with a laugh. Leopard frogs live in wet meadows and open
fields near wetlands throughout the state. In the fall, they moved to the
bottom of lakes and ponds, where they spend the winter. Phylum: Chordata, Class: Amphibia, Order: Salientia,
Family: Ranidae, Genus: Rana, Species: pipiens. They eat lots of bugs, including mosquitoes! However, frogs
are also food for different fish and birds.
Northern Leopard Frog (Rana pipiens), the leopard frog is
called that because he saw, like a leopard. Typically, 2 to 3.5 inches. Brown
or green color with two or three rows of dark spots irregularly spaced. The
spots are round and have a light border. Sounds long, snoring takes place in a
few seconds and ended with a laugh. Leopard frogs live in wet meadows and open
fields near wetlands throughout the state. In the fall, they moved to the
bottom of lakes and ponds, where they spend the winter. Phylum: Chordata, Class: Amphibia, Order: Salientia,
Family: Ranidae, Genus: Rana, Species: pipiens. They eat lots of bugs, including mosquitoes! However, frogs
are also food for different fish and birds.
·
Water Scorpion (Nepa Apiculata),
Family: insects Heteropteran Order: Hemiptera, Genus: Ranatra. Feed primarily on
invertebrates, but occasionally take small fish or tadpoles. Species in the
subfamily: Nepinae tend to have a body, a flat area, while the subfamily:
Ranatrinae tend to have long and narrow body, with legs the same length and
slender.
Water Scorpion (Nepa Apiculata),
Family: insects Heteropteran Order: Hemiptera, Genus: Ranatra. Feed primarily on
invertebrates, but occasionally take small fish or tadpoles. Species in the
subfamily: Nepinae tend to have a body, a flat area, while the subfamily:
Ranatrinae tend to have long and narrow body, with legs the same length and
slender.
·
Canadian Toad (Bufo hemiophrys)
is a species of frog that ranges from the central Canadian prairie region south
to the upper Midwest United States, can grow to about 7.6 cm (3 in.) long.
Mature adult males are usually 5.6 to 6.9 cm (2.2 to 2.7 in.), while women are
slightly larger ranges between 5.6 and 7.9 cm (2.2 to 3.1 in.). Canadian frogs
eat insects and worms. While the frog is an important part of the diet hognose
snakes, raccoons and skunks will sometimes eat them, avoid nasty frog glands.
Canadian toad prefers wet habitats than any other frog. This species often live
near a puddle of water meadows and forest edges. Breed in shallow wetlands,
streams, and roadside ditches.
Canadian Toad (Bufo hemiophrys)
is a species of frog that ranges from the central Canadian prairie region south
to the upper Midwest United States, can grow to about 7.6 cm (3 in.) long.
Mature adult males are usually 5.6 to 6.9 cm (2.2 to 2.7 in.), while women are
slightly larger ranges between 5.6 and 7.9 cm (2.2 to 3.1 in.). Canadian frogs
eat insects and worms. While the frog is an important part of the diet hognose
snakes, raccoons and skunks will sometimes eat them, avoid nasty frog glands.
Canadian toad prefers wet habitats than any other frog. This species often live
near a puddle of water meadows and forest edges. Breed in shallow wetlands,
streams, and roadside ditches.
·
Tadpole (Notorus Gyrinus),
mad toms tadpole found throughout Minnesota in rivers, streams,
lakes, and other areas of calm water on a soft base. This small fish grows to a
maximum length of about 115 mm (4.5 in.) and weighs about 17 g (0.5 oz.). The
usual life span is 2 years old, but very rarely it lives for 3 years. These are
mostly aquatic insects eat larvae, water fleas and other small crustaceans, and
worms. Sometimes eating snails, fish eggs, and small fish. Many sport fish,
including walleyes eat them, largemouth bass, and big bluegills eat it,
especially on the lake. Because of their small size, humans do not eat it.
Tadpole (Notorus Gyrinus),
mad toms tadpole found throughout Minnesota in rivers, streams,
lakes, and other areas of calm water on a soft base. This small fish grows to a
maximum length of about 115 mm (4.5 in.) and weighs about 17 g (0.5 oz.). The
usual life span is 2 years old, but very rarely it lives for 3 years. These are
mostly aquatic insects eat larvae, water fleas and other small crustaceans, and
worms. Sometimes eating snails, fish eggs, and small fish. Many sport fish,
including walleyes eat them, largemouth bass, and big bluegills eat it,
especially on the lake. Because of their small size, humans do not eat it.
·
Water Boatmen (Corixidae),
generally has a flattened body length of up to 13 millimeters (0.5 in) long and
very fine dark brown or black striations marking the wings. They breathe air
when on the water surface. Water boatmen occur most frequently in the pond and
along the edge of the lake, although some species inhabit the brackish waters
of the estuary. Most water boatmen eat algae and minute aquatic organisms. Some
predaceous and eat mosquito larvae and other small aquatic animals; in this
way, they help to control pests of water.
Water Boatmen (Corixidae),
generally has a flattened body length of up to 13 millimeters (0.5 in) long and
very fine dark brown or black striations marking the wings. They breathe air
when on the water surface. Water boatmen occur most frequently in the pond and
along the edge of the lake, although some species inhabit the brackish waters
of the estuary. Most water boatmen eat algae and minute aquatic organisms. Some
predaceous and eat mosquito larvae and other small aquatic animals; in this
way, they help to control pests of water.
·
Dragonfly Larvae (Anisoptera), Kingdom:
Animalia, Phylum: Arthropoda, Class: Insecta, Order: Odonata,
suborder: Epiprocta. They fly at
nearly 60 miles per hour (97 km / h) in rough field measurements. Dragonflies
depend on the type of abundant and diverse wetlands, rivers, and lakes.
Dragonfly life cycle has three stages: egg, larva, and adult. After hatching in
the pond, dragonfly larvae become aggressive predators that eat anything
smaller than them. They also serve as prey for birds such as purple martins,
frogs, and dragonflies are larger. Those elves are eaten by frogs, toads,
lizards and fish.
Dragonfly Larvae (Anisoptera), Kingdom:
Animalia, Phylum: Arthropoda, Class: Insecta, Order: Odonata,
suborder: Epiprocta. They fly at
nearly 60 miles per hour (97 km / h) in rough field measurements. Dragonflies
depend on the type of abundant and diverse wetlands, rivers, and lakes.
Dragonfly life cycle has three stages: egg, larva, and adult. After hatching in
the pond, dragonfly larvae become aggressive predators that eat anything
smaller than them. They also serve as prey for birds such as purple martins,
frogs, and dragonflies are larger. Those elves are eaten by frogs, toads,
lizards and fish.
·
Damselfly Larvae (Zygoptera),
Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum: Arthropoda, Class: Insecta, Order: Odonata,
suborder: Epiprocta. Larvae habitats
include coastal zone or shallow lakes, ponds, brackish water and slower reaches
of rivers and streams. Damselfly larvae are easily distinguished by their long,
slender body; distinct wing pads and mouth are well developed. Larvae also have
3 paddle-shaped tail or gill lamellae located at the tip of the abdomen.
Damselfly Larvae (Zygoptera),
Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum: Arthropoda, Class: Insecta, Order: Odonata,
suborder: Epiprocta. Larvae habitats
include coastal zone or shallow lakes, ponds, brackish water and slower reaches
of rivers and streams. Damselfly larvae are easily distinguished by their long,
slender body; distinct wing pads and mouth are well developed. Larvae also have
3 paddle-shaped tail or gill lamellae located at the tip of the abdomen.
·
Raccoon (procyon), the
original habitat of raccoons is autumn and mixed forests of North America, the
Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum: Chordata, Class: Mammalia, Order: Carnivora,
Family: Procyonidae, Genus: Procyon. Although usually at night,
raccoons are sometimes active during the day to take advantage of food sources
available. The diet consists of invertebrates about 40%, 33% of plant material
and vertebrates 27%. Since food consist of as many different foods, Zeveloff
argues raccoon may be one animal in the world's most omnivores.
Raccoon (procyon), the
original habitat of raccoons is autumn and mixed forests of North America, the
Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum: Chordata, Class: Mammalia, Order: Carnivora,
Family: Procyonidae, Genus: Procyon. Although usually at night,
raccoons are sometimes active during the day to take advantage of food sources
available. The diet consists of invertebrates about 40%, 33% of plant material
and vertebrates 27%. Since food consist of as many different foods, Zeveloff
argues raccoon may be one animal in the world's most omnivores.
·
Whirligig Beetles (Gyrinus sp.),
Order: Coleoptera, swirling black
beetle, or nearly black, and 1 / 8 to 1-3/8 inches (3 to 35 mm) long. Larvae
elongated and often have a sideways (lateral) extension of the stomach, up to 1
inch long and have four terminal hooks very tip of the abdomen. They are
flattened dorsoventrally and efficient for aquatic life. The mouth is to chew.
These beetles often congregate in both flowing and still water, especially
rivers and ponds. Adults feed on organisms in surface water or scavenge debris.
They spend most of their lives on the water surface.
Whirligig Beetles (Gyrinus sp.),
Order: Coleoptera, swirling black
beetle, or nearly black, and 1 / 8 to 1-3/8 inches (3 to 35 mm) long. Larvae
elongated and often have a sideways (lateral) extension of the stomach, up to 1
inch long and have four terminal hooks very tip of the abdomen. They are
flattened dorsoventrally and efficient for aquatic life. The mouth is to chew.
These beetles often congregate in both flowing and still water, especially
rivers and ponds. Adults feed on organisms in surface water or scavenge debris.
They spend most of their lives on the water surface.
·
Silver Minnow (Hybognathus
nuchalis), 3 to 3.9 in (75 to 100 mm), they are common in low-gradient
rivers and streams. The fact that they are often abundant just upstream of the
river into a river where a larger or impoundments show
a preference for flowing conditions. They eat small fish and algae. They are
eaten by larger predators.
Silver Minnow (Hybognathus
nuchalis), 3 to 3.9 in (75 to 100 mm), they are common in low-gradient
rivers and streams. The fact that they are often abundant just upstream of the
river into a river where a larger or impoundments show
a preference for flowing conditions. They eat small fish and algae. They are
eaten by larger predators.
Bibliography
·
http://www.epa.gov/mbasin/
·
http://www.hach.com/h2ou/h2wtrqual.htm
·
http://www.state.ia.us/dnr/
·
http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/
·
http://www.state.ky.us/nrepc/water/wcpph.htm
·
http://www.insectidentification.org/insect-description.asp?identification
·
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
·
http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108355.html
·
http://www.tradingeconomics.com/indonesia/surface-area-sq-km-wb-data.html
·
http://www.google.com/search/find/
·
http://www.se2pollutants.blogspot.com
·
http://www.maswcd.org/Youth_Education/StudyGuides/WatersStudyGuide.htm
·
http://www.google.co.id/translate/indonesia-english/
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on Thursday, January 26, 2012
at 7:04 PM
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